Which of the following is NOT a health care fraud scheme typically perpetrated by patients?

Over-utilization is not typically categorized as a health care fraud scheme perpetrated by patients; rather, it generally refers to situations where a patient receives more services or procedures than medically necessary. This can happen due to various reasons, including provider incentives that lead to unnecessary tests and treatments, but it is not a direct action taken by patients to defraud the system.

In contrast, multiple claims fraud involves submitting more than one claim for the same medical service to gain additional benefits. Doctor shopping occurs when patients visit multiple doctors to obtain prescriptions for controlled substances, often leading to prescription drug abuse. Third-party fraud involves an individual misrepresenting themselves to use another person’s insurance benefits, which can happen with patients seeking services under someone else's insurance. Each of these choices directly reflects actions taken by patients to exploit the healthcare system, differentiating them from over-utilization, which points to an inefficiency or unethical practice primarily involving healthcare providers.