All the following are types of medical provider fraud EXCEPT:

Smurfing is not a recognized type of medical provider fraud within the healthcare system. It typically refers to a money-laundering technique where larger amounts of illicit funds are broken down into smaller, less suspicious amounts to avoid detection by authorities. In the context of medical provider fraud, smurfing does not pertain to the manipulation of medical services or billing practices, which are characteristic of the types of fraud listed in the other choices.

Clinical lab schemes involve fraudulent activities conducted by laboratories that may involve unnecessary tests or billing for services not rendered. Fictitious services refer to billing for treatments or procedures that never occurred. Fictitious providers pertain to creating fake healthcare provider identities to submit false claims to insurers. Each of these options directly relates to exploiting the healthcare system, while smurfing operates outside the typical definitions of medical provider fraud.